Pico question examples rehabilitation

It is a mnemonic for the important parts of a well-built clinical question. The PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) framework is commonly used to develop focused clinical questions for quantitative systematic reviews. Develop and revise questions that focus your inquiry. The question needs to identify the key problem of the athlete, what treatment or tests you are considering for the athlete, what alternative treatment or tests are being considered (if any) and what is the desired outcome to promote or avoid. Comparison or Control, and. It identifies and organizes the key aspects of a complex patient presentation to help you brainstorm keywords for your literature search, refine your search for the best results, and save time. Use PICO to help identify the four main elements of your clinical May 8, 2024 · The PICO (or PICOT*, or other similar acronyms) format is a way to formulate an answerable clinical question. FAQs. Provides basics for a a greater grasp of concepts. Dec 12, 2014 · Future RCTs of cardiac rehabilitation need to improve their reporting methods and reflect the real world practice better including the recruitment of higher risk people and consideration of contemporary models of cardiac rehabilitation delivery, and identify effective interventions for enhancing adherence to rehabilitation. Below are some sample PICO/T questions to help you use the framework to your advantage. PICO (T) PICOT is a tool for distilling the essential components of a clinical scenario into concepts to help you identity you clinical question. 1. In a PICO question and search, there are four factors used: P. Randomized controlled trials in the Oct 9, 2023 · 20 nursing research paper topics on cardiovascular nursing, picot questions examples, ebp & capstone project ideas, nursing research questions examples and nursing essay topic ideas 2 Nursing Research Paper Topics on Cardiovascular Nursing. 2 First, they need to consider the two types of Jun 13, 2024 · Often a broad question that looks at answering larger, more complex, exploratory research questions and often does not fit into the PICO question format: Example: "In people with multiple sclerosis, what is the extent to which a walking intervention, compared to no intervention, improves self-report fatigue?" project and introduces the compelling, clinical question presented in the PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, and outcome) format that guides this project. Apr 19, 2024 · PICO Analysis. P atient/Population. It can help you: form a question that focuses on the most important issue for a patient or a population. Evidence-Based Practice. Types of Questions: Etiology, Diagnostic, Prevention, Prognosis/Prediction, Therapy, Qualitative. 1. Following this method ensures that specific elements appear in the question. Answerable clinical question: P - In males. Should mothers giving birth in hospitals or facilities providing maternity and newborn services (P) be given linkage to continuing breastfeeding support after discharge from the facilities providing maternity and newborn services (I), compared to not providing an linkage to continuing breastfeeding support after facility discharge (C), in order to increase rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 1 PICOT Search Strategy. It is specific, concise, and clear. Prevention Example: Aug 17, 2023 · A good PICOT question possesses the following qualities: A clinical-based question addresses the nursing research areas or topics. Search Strategy. PICOT is an acronym for five key components to a clinical research question. Type of Question (e. g. Creating a PICOT question can help to focus the research study and ensure that the question is relevant and answerable. Create a concept map that demonstrates the relationships between concepts. Intervention. In this role, the NPD practitioner promotes a spirit of inquiry Jan 1, 2021 · Objective: The aim of this study is to assess whether and how the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcomes) format is described to frame research questions in randomized controlled trials looking at effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions. After assessing the problem and constructing a question using the PICO format, Rita comes up with the following question: P = Geriatric patients with arthritic pain. Source. Disclosure: nothing to discloseAddress correspondence to R. An answerable question has a format that follows the PICO concept. A commonly used framework for asking clinical questions is called PICO. In the last section, we learned about asking Apr 29, 2024 · Revise your research question as you search the literature and determine what's available. Broaden the scope - "The Forest". and Rees, C. PICO is useful in academic and clinical settings. The acronym translates to: P =Patient/population I =Intervention C =Comparison O =Outcome T =Time Initially only four May 25, 2023 · An interprofessional guideline development group constructed clinically relevant Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) questions. You are working with a child who has autism and is struggling to navigate social interactions at school. C = biweekly exercise sessions. Now that you’ve formulated your PICO question, the next step is to gather evidence that addresses your question. The definitions and frames below may be helpful for organizing your question: Intervention/Therapy Jan 26, 2024 · Using a structured question frame can help you clearly define the concepts or variables that make up the specific research question. O = better weight loss management. components: 1) conduct skin and risk assessments, 2) manage moisture, 3) optimize nutrition and. Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah. This resource will help you to write clinically specific, searchable PICO questions. Apr 15, 2024 · The first step in doing this is to determine the type of question: background or foreground. Questions that are too broad or too narrow can make your research difficult, if not impossible. It helps you think specifically about different aspects of what you want to research or investigate. Includes medical, clinical, and nursing terms where necessary. , RCT / Systematic Review / Cohort Study, or Type of question being asked - e. For information on PICO and other frameworks please see our tutorial below. PICO/T is an acronym which stands for. , PECODR, ECLIPSE, and PESICO)—such as context , stakeholder , and, to some extent Aug 22, 2023 · What is a PICO Question? PICO is a framework commonly used in Evidence-Based Practice to structure foreground clinical questions. Jun 1, 2024 · The PICOT question format is a consistent "formula" for developing answerable, researchable questions. Please see: PICO question #2, #3 and #6 and sub-questions regarding interventions. This introduction consists of: (a) background information of the problem, (b) statement of the problem, (c) purpose of the EBP project, and (d) significance of the problem. Clinical example: Too broad: How do you control infection? This topic is so broad that you'd have difficulty wading through all of the results. hydration, 4) minimize pressure, shear, and friction, and 5) education and training of staff. I = Social Stories. Tom wants to know which option will work best Feb 7, 2024 · On the other hand, if you are presented with a case study, you can use PICO to help you identify the most important elements of the case, and then form a research question and search strategy using PICO. Your independent variable. Suggestions in the brackets are just extra ideas for what you might want to consider. Comparison. PICO (T) is a basic template for creating May 9, 2024 · Anatomy of a good clinical question: PICO. O - Reduce the incidence of prostate cancer Feb 2, 2023 · PICOT questions are a useful tool for framing clinical questions in a structured and focused manner. These examples include questions related to nursing change projects, evidence-based nursing Apr 25, 2024 · A research question framework can help structure your systematic review question. Developing the review questions and outcomes. Optional element "T" can be added to represent Time the desired outcome be realized in 1 month, 1 year, 10 years, etc. If yes, explain the specific technologies, devices, drugs, or interventions you would like to see compared: Yes. I = weekly exercise sessions. /. Examples of PICOT questions can be tailored to different nursing specialties, such as BSN, MSN, DNP, or health administration. Your null and alternative hypotheses. PICO is a framework you can use to help you formulate well-built clinical questions. Jun 13, 2024 · Beyond PICO: Other Types of Question Frameworks. C - Compared to not drinking carrot juice. Apr 2, 2024 · A question root (who, what, when, etc. A PICO question includes the following 4 areas. What problem or disease or situation are you facing? May 17, 2024 · Examples of PICOT Questions by Nursing Specialty. C = Patient's prescribed NSAID or similar anti-inflammatory drugs. The most important parts of a PICO 1 day ago · PICOTT: Others add Type of Question and Type of Study to the PICO framework to create PICOTT reminds you that different types of study designs are used to answer different types of questions. ; e-mail: [email protected] Search for more papers by this author Mar 1, 2022 · PICO (T) is a mnemonic used to describe the elements of a good clinical question. Finding relevant medical information is often easier if you break down your scenario by developing a PICOT question. What problem or disease or situation are you facing? The elements present in the clinical questions in this study point to the deficiency of the PICO structure for representing rehabilitation therapists' clinical questions. One way to do this is to break the problem into 4 parts: Patient or Problem Nov 6, 2023 · Example 1. The first step in the evidence-based practice (EBP) process is to identify the clinical problem or question for which you are seeking evidence. Once you have a well-thought out question, it is easier to identify the keywords and phrases you will use when you are searching for evidence. Intervention or Issue. 1 Routine care of the newborn at delivery: Among healthy newborn infants in low- and middle-income countries (P), does early skin-to-skin contact of the baby with the mother in the first hour of life (I) compared with drying and wrapping (C) have an impact on neonatal mortality, hypothermia or initiation/exclusivity Aug 22, 2022 · PICOT question examples stroke: (P) In stroke survivors, (I) does participation in a post-stroke rehabilitation program, (C) compared to no structured rehabilitation, (O) lead to better functional outcomes and reduced risk of secondary stroke events, (T) within the first six months post-stroke Apr 16, 2024 · Forming your research question is a crucial step towards beginning your systematic review/. Each PICO includes at least a P, I, and an O, and some include a C or a T. Step 2: Gather Evidence. The group of people that are of concern in the question; Intervention. Treatment or action that is the focus of the question ; Comparison (if applicable) Finally, you will click on a button and the PICOT Research Question Generator will present the following: Your PICOT question. identify key terms to use when searching for evidence. Relevant elements of your PICO(T) question can be used to develop an initial list of keywords (including synonyms) to use in a database search. This question: Which interventions should hospitals implement using trauma informed care to decrease adverse effects in adulthood? might become: Mar 5, 2024 · ASHA PICO process. P = children with Autism. These are the key components of a PICO Feb 6, 2024 · [Examples modified and drawn from Glasper, A. Background questions ask for general knowledge about a condition or thing. Step 3: Assess the Evidence. It can help guide the research process and determine the appropriate methods and data analysis. The core PICO elements are: Population. Therefore, the objective of this project was to describe a process for assessing the quality of Oct 16, 2014 · PICO question 1 addresses the following categories: (1) pneumococcal vaccinations; (2) influenza vaccinations; (3) smoking cessation programs; (4) pulmonary rehabilitation; (5) education, action plans, and case management; and (6) telemonitoring (Table 1). Also consider: PEO (Population, Exposure, Outcome) Appropriate for: describing association between particular exposures/risk factors and outcomes May 16, 2024 · PICO is a method of developing a research question for the health sciences. May 23, 2024 · Example. Two examples from past School of Nursing student research: 1. One way to construct a well-built question is to use the PICO model. change packet is used as a tool to make patient care safer and improve care transitions and is a. It is not normally asked because of a need to make a Apr 16, 2024 · PICO is a formula used to develop a researchable clinical question. S. Before you start your search, it is important to have a well-built question. Can closed kinetic chain shoulder exercises (intervention) increase the peak torque of shoulder internal- and external rotation (outcome) of a youth baseball player with subacromial impingement syndrome (patient)? 2. He is ready to quit, and is wondering about his options. Picot. Additional structural elements similar to those proposed in adaptations of PICO (e. Patient population/disease. You have heard of an intervention called Social Stories, and you wonder if this might be helpful. For adults with low back pain (patient), do spinal stabilization exercises (intervention) reduce pain and May 14, 2024 · PICO clarifies and focuses questions that arise during a patient assessment. Jun 12, 2024 · PICO helps frame your research question for quantitative studies. I ntervention or issue of interest: examples might include therapy Apr 21, 2009 · Does your question include a comparison of different health care approaches? (If no, your topic will still be considered. A literature review team then completed a systematic literature review and applied the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to rate the certainty of Jun 11, 2024 · Framing Different Types of Clinical Questions with PICO. Your dependent variable. Patient, problem, or population. Nov 9, 2023 · O- reduction of joint pain. Feb 28, 2024 · Building a Database Search Strategy for the PICO(T) Question: A well-built PICO(T) question forms the basis of a database search strategy for finding research literature. I - Does drinking carrot juice. I ntervention. It can be helpful to classify your question based on the clinical domain(s) it falls under. [1] One of the roles of the NPD practitioner in the 2022 edition of the Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice is a champion for scientific inquiry. Comparing questions Finding the best possible evidence requires nurses to formulate a clini-cal question systematically. May 15, 2024 · The nursing research paper topics on orthopedic nursing, PICOT questions examples, evidence-based practice project ideas capstone project ideas, research questions and essay topic ideas in this article are a source of inspiration and guidance for nursing students who want are dedicated to the wellbeing of their patients. The PICOT research question is widely used throughout the medical field, whether you're a Clinician, Physician, or Student. During the assessment five databases, including CINAHL, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, the National Guidelines Clearinghouse, and the TRIP Database were accessed. . It can help you: form a question that focuses on the most important issue for a patient or a population; identify key terms to use in a search for evidence; select results that directly relate to the situation; PICO has some limitations. For example, Comparison may be left out if it is not relevant to your research question. PICO is a tool that can help you deal with clinical scenarios where you don't know the answer to a patient's question, or know the answer but need evidence to support you. A definition of each intervention is specified in the text that accompanies each Using the PICO acronym will help you focus on the elements of your question, when it wants to answer a question focused on an intervention or therapy. ,Therapy or Diagnosis) Type of Study (e. MedlinePlus has extensive information Apr 16, 2024 · PICO is a formula used to develop a researchable clinical question. Download PDF. Tom is 55 years old and has smoked one pack of cigarettes a day for the last 30 years. PICO. Intervention or issue of interest. PICO (T) is the most common question frame used in health sciences research, where the question is composed of the: P opulation/ P roblem/ P atient. Augustine. It should take you less than five minutes to complete the web form below. 1) Isobel is a 45 year old woman who asks you for advice on natural ways of resolving her Feb 5, 2024 · PICO (T) You can use the PICO (T) to help develop your topic. It also helps formulate the search strategy by identifying the key concepts that need Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VA Salt Lake City Healthcare System, 500 Foothill Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84148. , therapy / diagnosis / etiology / harm / prognosis / prevention. ) yes. Go to: 4. PICOT is an acronym for: Mar 8, 2024 · The parent asks if chiropractic treatment will help heal her child quicker than just rest. or Type of study being sought to answer the question - e. You can omit an element of PICO. Population. (See PICOT, point by point. This worksheet illustrates the way to use aspects of the PICO question to formulate search terms and alternative/related terms, such as synonyms. May 31, 2024 · A good PICO will investigate something new in terms of diagnosis, etiology, therapy, harm, etc. When you write a good one, it makes the rest of the process of finding and evaluating evidence much more straightforward. May 31, 2024 · Example 1. O - Reduction in pain. ) with a verb. CHAPTER SUB-CHAPTER QUESTION; 3. The components of this type of question are: P atient population/disease: characteristics might include age, gender, ethnicity, or those with a specific disorder. He has heard of a medication called bupropion, but is also familiar with nicotine replacement therapy options such as patches, lozenges, and gum. To locate the recent high-quality evidence, the PubMed database was utilized. There are two types of evidence to consider: internal evidence and external May 8, 2024 · A clinical question needs to be directly relevant to the patient or problem at hand and phrased in such a way as to facilitate the search for an answer. Feb 16, 2023 · Example Questions. Review questions were developed in a PICO framework (patient, intervention, comparison and outcome) for intervention reviews. Clinical question: Do weekly exercise sessions allow 40-50 year old women to maintain their weight loss better than biweekly exercise sessions? P = 40-50 year old women. Nov 9, 2023 · See below for definitions, PICO templates, and example questions from the primary clinical domains: intervention, diagnosis, etiology, prevention, prognosis/prediction, quality of life/meaning, and therapy. PICO is a useful tool for formulating such questions. Step 4: Make Your Clinical Decision. For an intervention/therapy. Apr 19, 2024 · PICO Question Template Examples. I: Intervention/indicator (Variable Example 1. Clinical problem: A patient asks if drinking carrot juice will reduce the likelihood of developing prostate cancer. (2013) How to Write Your Nursing Dissertation] The following examples may help you put PICO into practice. However, adoption of evidence-based best practices is needed to minimize variations and improve quality of care. The Role of Inflammation in Atherosclerosis Development: Implications for Cardiovascular Nursing. A. Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a systematic approach to patient care decision-making based on current, best available research evidence. A disorder, test, treatment, or other aspect of healthcare. Outcome. The cases are, usually, higher in different populations, for example, those reported in United States range from 250,000 to 300,000 per year. Introduction. Mar 4, 2023 · Evidence-based practice is “integrating the best available evidence with the healthcare educator’s expertise and the client’s needs while considering the practice environment. In this section, we will provide good PICOT questions examples for various nursing specialties, including Pediatrics, Oncology, Mental Health, Geriatrics, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Anatomy and Apr 15, 2024 · Using PICO. Structuring and refining the question makes it easier to find an answer. Leading to the second step--Acquire. The type of question helps to determine the resource to access to answer the question. The PICOT format example described above represents a factorial RCT methodology that has been informed by the existing literature. PICOT questions stand for Patients, intervention, comparison, outcome The PICOT question is a consistent “formula” for developing answerable, searchable questions that result in an effective literature search that yields the best, most relevant information. The reasonable starting daily dose is 400ug per day (200ug in children). Oct 9, 2023 · 20 capstone project ideas on neurological nursing, picot questions examples, nursing research questions, ebp, nursing research questions examples and nursing essay topic ideas 2 Neurological Nursing Research Paper Topics. The first step in EBP involves re-phrasing a clinical patient care issue in the form of a focused, searchable, and answerable question. For example: age, gender, ethnicity, with a certain disorder. May 13, 2024 · A well-formulated question will facilitate the search for evidence and will assist you in determining whether the evidence is relevant to your question. A bad PICO is usually a background question disguised as a research question. Jun 6, 2024 · Uses the PICO acronym to narrow and define the question; One of four content areas: treatment, diagnosis, etiology, and prognosis; Good for a research topic or a specific patient's case; Good for a PubMed search; Example: Would massage therapy be effective at reducing chronic low pain back in otherwise healthy adults? Literature resources SOAR@USA is an open access repository that showcases scholarly projects from the University of St. The PICO (T) question is the process employed in Evidence Based Practice. Mar 6, 2024 · Find information, examples, tips, and resources to help you create a pico question. Early Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients: Benefits and Challenges. Is the use of intravenous magnesium sulfate (intervention) more effective than nebulized magnesium sulfate (comparison) for improving the pulmonary function (outcome) of children with acute asthma (patient)? May 24, 2024 · PICO (T) Question Templates. It is not ambiguous. Once you have selected your topic area and reviewed literature related to it, you may need to narrow it down to something that can be realistically researched and answered. Question: In adult patients with SLE, is consuming turmeric tea more effective than Plaquenil at reducing joint pain? This question could be more specific (Gender specific? What counts as a reduction in joint pain?), but is still a therapy question. The purpose of a PICO question is to help breakdown a research question into smaller parts, making the evaluation of evidence more straightforward. As a NICU nurse, you and your team are interested in exploring non-pharmacological interventions to support these infants' growth and development while reducing their stress and discomfort. Concepts from the PICO(T) question are used to construct a comprehensive database search strategy with search terms describing each relevant component of the PICO(T). For example, "what are the effects of Prilosec on patients taking immune suppressants" might seem like a good research question, but it is not. In adults with COPD(patient), does pulmonary rehabilitation (intervention) reduce the rate of COPD-related hospitalization (outcome)? 2. Before starting the search for evidence in the area of the chosen PICOT question, it was beneficial to evaluate digital libraries for relevance. I - Spinal manipulative therapy. Apr 23, 2020 · PICOT Question Examples can guide you in proving to your course instructor that you really understand the field of nursing. Clinical Question: In children with spinal pain of mechanical origin (P), is the use of spinal manipulative therapy (I) superior to rest (C) in reducing The eleven questions in population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes (PICO) format used to guide the systematic reviews. See below for definitions, PICO templates, and example questions from the primary clinical domains: intervention, diagnosis, etiology, prevention, prognosis/prediction, quality of life/meaning, and therapy. Identifying effective search terms takes practice. While a well-conducted RCT is appropriate for answering many questions on treatment efficacy, they are typically costly, time-consuming and challenging to conduct. Creating a detailed and purposeful research question is one of the first steps into investigating different sources of knowledge, and conducting one's own evidence based research to learn about a topic or condition, and Asking a well-built clinical question ensures that you're considering and identifying all of the essential elements needed to search for the information. In addition, relevant subgroups (s) were identified. Below are resources that can help in developing your topic: Health professionals and consumers alike can depend on it for information that is authoritative and up to date. Asking the right question: - Asking the "right" research question is a process - Initial question emerges from clinical practice - A literature review will highlight the problem, the potential significance of the research, and the "right" question - Keep it as simple and concise as possible - Perhaps one of the most difficult research May 14, 2024 · The Purpose of PICO. select results that directly relate to the Nov 16, 2023 · Classic Question Formulas. I = Massage therapy. In this section, we will provide good PICOT questions examples for various nursing specialties, including Pediatrics, Oncology, Mental Health, Geriatrics, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Anatomy and Physiology, Pharmacology, Medical-Surgical Nursing Nov 29, 2023 · The PICO framework (Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time frame) guides the formulation of PICOT questions. PICOT questions are a useful tool for framing clinical questions in a structured and focused manner. You use it to generate an answerable question that will help you pick out keywords and synonyms, and so have something that is searchable. "Sarah is working at an care facility for the elderly (P) as part of her internship program. Problems of the neonate and young infant: 3. This. Indeed, individuals with oncologic diseases require pain management, nursing practitioners’ (NPs) assistance, and access to palliative care for basic Jun 7, 2024 · Example: Premature infants in the NICU face challenges related to their physiological and behavioral development due to their early arrival. Who are the relevant patients? What specific characteristics are important? Age, sex, geographic location, etc. Patient, Problem or Population. Apr 24, 2024 · PICO is an acronym used in evidence-based practice to frame and answer a clinical question. Different types of clinical questions are suited to different syntaxes and phrasings, but all will clearly define the PICO elements. Design: A methodological study was conducted. What is the problem to be addressed? Concepts represent either a synonym or an alternative for a PICO concept. Keeping track of databases searched, terms used, and distinguishing factors of the articles can help with efficiency when you PICO Questions [edit | edit source] Before we begin the hunt for evidence that relates to our clinical questions,we need to spend some time making the questions specific. Systematic reviews require focused clinical questions. C - Rest. Late referrals to hospice have severe consequences as the lack of timely medical help results in conditions worsening and irreversible damage for patients with chronic diseases. using inhaled beta2 agonists three times per week or more; symptomatic three times per week or more; waking one night per week (or more). May 2, 2024 · Concepts from the PICO(T) question are used to construct a comprehensive database search strategy with search terms describing each relevant component of the PICO(T). The statistical test used to answer your PICOT question. Asking a focused and relevant question about your client's situation will inform your search. Mar 20, 2017 · Background Attempts at measuring quality of rehabilitation care are hampered by a gap in knowledge translation of evidence-based approaches and lack of consensus on best practices. P: Population/patient - age, gender, ethnicity, individuals with a certain disorder. PICO makes this process easier. Example: What causes migraines? or How often should women over the age of 40 have a mammogram? The background question is usually asked because of the need for basic information. However, foreground questions can also be related to etiology, prognostic factors, or outcome measures. This paper provides ICU PICO questions for ventilator-associated pneumonia. PICO is a useful framework for clinical research questions, but may not be appropriate for all kinds of reviews. , Systematic Review of RCTs > individual RCTs > cohort studies) Jan 26, 2023 · Case Example Revisited. Due to the consistent structure of these questions, there is a matching search method. PICO stands for patient/population, intervention, comparison and outcomes. Who is the patient or population? (Think demographics: age, sex, gender, race). Patient / Group / Health concern. Writing understandable nursing PICOT questions is a part of your academics, which will convince the professor that you understand your vocation well. May 22, 2024 · PICO(T) Communicative Studies & Sciences Clinical Question: For patient with stroke, is early rehabilitation impairment-based therapy intervention effective compared to usual care (UC) therapy? May 6, 2024 · The PICO format is appropriate for questions related to the effectiveness of an intervention. Clinical Problem 2. Apr 10, 2024 · 1. O = Reduced arthritic pain. Titrate the dose to the lowest dose at which effective control of asthma is maintained. PICO is a mnemonic that helps one remember the key components of a well focused question. ) The question should be formulated before starting a literature search. What is PICO? PICO is an acronym that allows you to translate a clinical observation, problem or trend into a focused question to help you quickly search the medical literature to identify relevant information to answer the question. For example in the category ‘person’ the concepts “older person”, “senior”, “patient”, “senior over 65 Over eighty-six percent of ICU related pneumonia cases are as a result of mechanical ventilation. One widely used approach to frame a clinical question is known as PICO, which stands for Jun 4, 2024 · Using the PICO format can be instructive! P atient Population I ntervention C omparison Intervention O utcome. Patients: Patients with acute/newly onset and/or symptomatic atrial fibrillation Intervention/Exposure: Direct current or electrical cardioversion Comparator: Withholding cardioversion; pharmacological cardioversion (oral or intravenous antiarrhythmics) May 23, 2013 · This guidance was developed in accordance with the methods outlined in the NICE Guidelines Manual 2009 187. Questions that come to mind 3. The first step in doing evidence-based practice research is forming a researchable question. P - Child with low back pain. Step 1: Frame Your Clinical Question. Jun 10, 2024 · PICO. am cm fc tt ba zx dn fb zx qo