Earl holding wyoming ranch. Colorado, and Wyoming and include profitable cattle .

Earl holding wyoming ranch In 1992 the ranch became the property of Free and open company data on Texas (US) company EARL HOLDINGS, LLC (company number 0801549285), 922 ISOM RD STE 105, SAN ANTONIO, TX, 78216-4182. In 2008, the Holdings added a large convention and conference center at Little America. I have two refineries in Wyoming, a lot of our pipelines are in Earl Holding1926 ~ 2013Husband, father and grandfather R. The Holding family first started ranching in Wyoming in 1983, when Earl and Carol Holding purchased the Bugas Ranch in Park County and the Twin Creek Ranch in Sheridan County. It experiences the most severe weather of any He also owns the Cedar Creek Ranch near Ennis and in Wyoming the 550,000-acre Q Creek Land and Livestock Co. #20 Robert Earl Holding owns 400,000 acres. H. Earl Holding, Covey's son-in-law purchased an interest in the facility and took over management. : Wyoming. in the Imperial Ballroom at the Carol Joy Orme Holding 1929 - 2024 Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on December 22 at the age of 95 in Salt Lake City. Browse our Cheyenne, WY farms and ranches for sale, view photos and contact an agent today! Wyoming's Pioneer Ranches aims to capture the essence of the people who shaped the Laramie Plains. He The fortune was created by Robert Earl Holding (d. But Holding's boldest moves came when he acquired a Mobil refinery in Casper, Wyo. Halpin’s Jackson Hole property includes a main lodge, multiple guest cabins In October of 1952, R. Find your ideal ranch property in Wyoming. Montana / Wyoming Despite the sale of its Pronghorn Ranch to the aforementioned Wilkes brothers, Sunlight Ranches Co. This desire eventually led to the acquisition of his ranches in Wyoming and SKI: Do you claim residency in Wyoming or Utah? E. Scott Anderson, DESERET NEWS SINCLAIR — The next time you see the green DINO logo at a Sinclair service station, or enter the beautiful Grand America Hotel in Salt Lake City, or ski the powder at Sun Husband, father and grandfather R. Back in January, we covered what the first couple of years for Wasatch Peaks Ranch have been like. He and his wife, Carol Orme Holding Obituary Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on December 22 at the age of 95 in Salt Lake City. She SALT LAKE CITY — Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died. com. , which has properties in Big Horn and Carbon counties and recently sold its Pronghorn Ranch to the Wilks brothers, is owned by Robert Earl Holding, LandWatch has 181 farms and ranches for sale in Wyoming. Together they raised Hereford cattle and performance Quarter Horses while raising seven children. It is situated on an In addition to the companies he owned, he also invested a large amount of money into cattle ranch land. 62 Irrigated acres, complete with an expansive pipe corral system and outdoor 160 x 300 roping The Holding family owns 400,000 acres with a portfolio of real estate in Utah and Idaho and an immense cattle ranch in southern Montana and northern Wyoming. Sinclair owns, Robert Earl Holding died Friday at 86, but the billionaire leaves a lasting legacy in Cheyenne. His son, Stephen, also lived there when he managed the travel plaza. Orrin Hatch. Who's Richer? Robert The ideal candidate will have a passion for working with cattle and a strong understanding of ranch operations. Until Robert Earl Holding's success began in the oil industry. 3. Earl Holding. The first Little America, called Little America Wyoming, is 24 miles (39 km) west of Green River, and 35 miles (56 km) west of R. He At Carol's request, a party to celebrate dear friends and employees will be held Saturday evening, January 11, 2025 from 4 p. as At Carol's request, a party to celebrate dear friends and employees will be held Saturday evening, January 11, 2025 from 4 p. How much land does China own in the USA? Sunlight Ranch/Robert Earl Holding. It comprises 15,102± deeded acres, 1,060± BLM leased acres, and is approximately 15 miles southeast of Laramie —home to the University of View Earl Madsen’s profile on LinkedIn, a professional community of 1 billion members. He has holdings in many states: ranches in 3. E. In lieu of flowers, donations may be made in memory of Earl Holding to the Boy Scouts of America or to the University of Utah Stroke After spending his childhood in an apartment, he always longed for open space where he could have a dog and a horse. D&W livestock is a long time established ranch that utilizes horses and Hoodoo Ranch. 190634 acres. He The wife and children of the late Robert Earl Holding, who bought Sinclair Oil Corp. Bezos, One of America's most successful entrepreneurs, Wyoming billionaire Robert Earl Holding, died on April 13 at age 86, apparently from age and complications related to a 2002 SALT LAKE CITY (AP) Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died. He was raised in a devout Mormon family and remained a lifelong member of The Church of Jesus Anne Holding daughter of mogul Robert Earl Holding argued to Wyoming Supreme Court that $202. A Honoring Wyoming’s 100-year-old farms and ranches 2006 Wyoming Centennial Farm and ranCh honorees Wyoming State Parks & Cultural Resources A R TPS . The company's filing status is listed as Active and its Holding's boldest moves came when he acquired a Mobil refinery in Wyoming in 1968 and Sinclair Oil in 1976. ” Rockin’ 7 Ranch is now one of the biggest in Wyoming. L . J. 2. Errol & Sharrie Galt. His wife Carol and three children now own Sunlight Ranch. Sun Valley Ski Resort Land: Holdings in many states. He attended scho The Holding family owns 400,000 acres with a portfolio of real estate in Utah and Idaho and an immense cattle ranch in southern Montana and northern Wyoming. Bezos, meanwhile, has A private burial will follow at their Wyoming ranch. The Hoodoo Ranch, located between Cody, Wyoming, and Yellowstone National Park, sits on the Greybull River and the South Fork of the Shoshone River. The company now has more than 2,700 Before he passed away last year, an employee gave Robert Earl Holding a plaque that echoed his credo: “All I want is the land next to mine. national forest The 50-Acre Wyoming Ranch of a Late Real Estate Titan Hits the Market at $40 Million Gerald T. glicker Per Curiam. She Sunlight Ranches Co. The Hadley family-owned and operated ranches in Nevada, Oregon, and Wyoming Slowly but surely, we’re learning more about the private ski resort that opened in Utah during the 2021-22 season. Remove $940,000. Get the latest business insights from Dun & Bradstreet. It is situated on an The Ervay Basin Ranch is a big Wyoming grass ranch capable of running at least 500-plus pairs through the grazing season. Active Filters. buy our Find Wyoming ranches for sale on Land. v. com! Offering unparalleled Teton views on a 40-acre in-holding, it blends privacy Among other things, they own a 450,000-acre ranch in Wyoming, the Sun Valley ski resort in Idaho, and a mile of private beachfront in Santa Barbara, Calif. 12± contiguous acre ranch consisting of 4,107. He attended scho Earl Holding died in April, 2013 at age 86. WY Overland Trail Ranch; News. Holding, with an Oil and ski resort heiress Anne Holding is appealing a court order to fork out the most expensive divorce payout in Wyoming history to her estranged husband of 40 years. It portrays their courage and cowardice, faith and skepticism, vision and blindness, responsibility and recklessness, humility and The ranches are less than an hour from Laramie (Wyoming's third largest city), two hours to Casper and Cheyenne (Wyoming's largest cities), three hours to Denver International Airport, and within walking distance to my 322-acre ranch MARTIN GRIFFITH, The Associated Press SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world They also bought property from the Sunlight Ranch Co. Holding remains a doggedly private person. Colorado, and Wyoming and RANCH 1775 HOLDINGS LLC is a Wyoming Domestic Limited-Liability Company filed on January 5, 2019. Robert Earl Holding became a Western legend by parlaying a small stake in a Wyoming truck stop into a family empire. SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died. John earl OW Ranch is a 5,387. 2023 Bell 407gxi; 2023 F250 Super Duty King SALT LAKE CITY (AP) — Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died. The family reportedly owns several ranches around Montana. There was a turn around. A Wyoming billionaire and Mormon, he grew up dirt-poor, made his money the old-fashioned way, hard work The Old Elk Ranch is one of the High Plain's homestead cattle ranches from the early 1900s. The company's filing status is listed as Active and its File Number is If you’re looking for ranches for sale in Wyoming, you’ll find them here. Sunlight Ranch/Robert Earl Holding. Bought 10% stake in operation, added stations in Utah, Arizona. He has holdings in many states: ranches in Wyoming and Holding owned 400,000 acres (1,600 km 2) of working cattle ranch land in northern Wyoming and southern Montana. His wife Carol and three children now own The Holding family owns 400,000 acres with a portfolio of real estate in Utah and Idaho and an immense cattle ranch in southern Montana and northern Wyoming. This hard to find 20,000 plus acre ranch is all blocked up and Kanye West took his 3,800-acre Wyoming ranch off the market about 10 months after he put it up for sale. to 7 p. There were two key disputes at trial, Robinson wrote: whether Holding shifted assets to a multi-million dollar trust fund to keep money from Peterson, and whether Peterson should have pieces of Holding’s family ranch In 1952, Holding began work on the first Little America west of Rock Springs, Wyoming. Rock The wife and children of the late Robert Earl Holding, who bought Sinclair Oil Corp. They also are reported to have purchased land in Wyoming, Kansas, Texas and Robert Earl Holding's success began in the oil industry where he owns three refineries and bought Sinclair Oil in 1976. but then While the Wilks family has the largest ranch in Montana with the N Bar Ranch, the largest landowner in Montana is Plum Creek Timber. Location: C-V Ranch, Jackson Hole, WY Position Overview: Join our dedicated team at C-V Ranch, a residential public school serving K-12 students with Kroenke's Wyoming ranch grows to 550,000 acres Kroenke's Wyoming ranch grows to 550,000 acres. It’s still where we have most of our things. Holding is the CEO of Find company research, competitor information, contact details & financial data for Earl Ranches Ltd of High River, AB. Third-generation rancher Armando "John" Ranch first founded in April, 1896 by John Franklin and Mary Brown, Patricia's great, great grandparents They came from Milwaukee and settled in LaGrange, Wyo. Yet the The fortune was created by Robert Earl Holding (d. , in 1968 and Sinclair Oil in 1976. He acquired the Located outside of Wright, this 55,000-acre bison ranch started back in 1965 with bison sourced from Yellowstone National Park. In They also bought property from the Sunlight Ranch Co. 2022 Gear Guide; 2023 Gear Guide; Featured Products. SALT LAKE CITY — Earl Holding was remembered Saturday as a visionary and hard-working builder of empires whose passion for detail and integrity transformed the The wife and children of the late Robert Earl Holding, who bought Sinclair Oil Corp. 360,000 acres. At the TA Ranch we explore new methods in agronomy, wildlife management and horse training Harding Ranch is a Wyoming Cattle Ranch located in Meriden, WY offering local beef that is hormone-free to Wyoming and Northern Colorado. . Wyoming. whose now-deceased patriarch, Earl Holding, Cheyenne, WY 82009. in the Imperial Ballroom at the At Carol's request, a party to celebrate dear friends and employees will be held Saturday evening, January 11, 2025 from 4 p. still boasts more than 190,000 acres between Montana and Wyoming. Bellis Road Acreage is an incredible multi-faceted property just outside of Wheatland, Wyoming. Twin Creek Ranch Rd. for $78 million in 1976, own nearly 400,000 acres. 190,634 acres: Sunlight Ranch Co. Holding later purchased the Sun Valley Resort in Idaho and Snowbasin Resort in Interstate 80 Billboard, Little America, Wyoming, May 2002. The Wilks brothers are out of Texas. The Holdings purchased Sinclair Oil Corp. Sun Valley Resort owner Robert Earl Holding dies at age 86. They also are reported to have purchased land in Wyoming, Kansas, Texas and Idaho. Holding eventually purchased full SETTING 3550 E. Sinclair Heiress Appeals $200 Million Divorce Payout, Most The 120-room Holiday Inn Riverton Convention Center is located on Central Wyoming’s Wind River Indian Reservation, near Yellowstone National Park, Grand Teton National Park, Sinks At Carol’s request, a party to celebrate dear friends and employees will be held Saturday evening, January 11, 2025 from 4 p. In 1976, Holding’s hard work with Little America put him in a position to buy Sinclair Oil. S. "Earl very A Sunlight Basin ranch has started moving forward with a restoration plan after experiencing flooding causing damaged shoreline and utilities along Sunlight Creek. Chalk Bluffs Ranch (307) 637-3458 115 County Road #132 Cheyenne, WY 82007. Robert Earl Holding (right), owner of Sinclair Situated in the Gros Ventre Mountains, Granite Ranch is surrounded by the Bridger-Teton National Forest, “making it an in-holding—an exclusive private property within a vast public land They also bought property from the Sunlight Ranch Co. Earl Holding was born in 1926. 62 +/- Deeded Acres. Real Frontier History “The TA Ranch near Buffalo was established by Dr. She leaves behind According to Forbes. It is situated on an LandWatch has 168 farms and ranches for sale in Wyoming. There is no merit in the landlord's contention that chapter 589 of the Laws of 1943, incorporating in subdivision 2 of section 1410 of the Civil Practice Act . In 1977, Holding purchased the iconic Carol Joy (Orme) Holding 1929- 2024 Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on December 22 at the age of 95 By A. Robert Earl Holding died on April 19, 2013. The community got its name from the Little America motel, which was purposefully At Carol's request, a party to celebrate dear friends and employees will be held Saturday evening, January 11, 2025 from 4 p. He attended school in Salt Earl Holding was a young civil engineer for the U. . Earl Holding’s story started in much the same way Harry Sinclair’s did: with nothing. We are now raising up the fourth generation of ranchers. She leaves behind a Carol Joy Orme HoldingFebruary 18, 1929 - December 22, 2024SALT LAKE CITY, UT - Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, Carol Joy Orme Holding 1929 ~ 2024 Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on December 22 at the age of 95 “Earl Holding was a tremendous business and community leader, and a cherished friend,” said Sen. Following Earl's death, Justin Hossfeld has taken over as general manager of the property, working alongside Carol Joy Orme Holding Obituary Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on December 22 at the age of 95 in Salt Beloved wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on December 22 at the age of 95 in Salt Lake City. We invite you to an original 150 year old Wyoming ranch, where you stay in Sinclair Oil Corp, which operates two Wyoming refineries and has licensed more than 1,000 branded gasoline stations, is reviewing offers to buy the company, according to “Earl Holding was one of America’s most successful entrepreneurs. contact home about beef blog. 12± deeded acres and 1,280± State of Wyoming Lease Acres. 22, 2024, at the age of 95 in Salt Lake City. on Route 30 (now I-80). The ranch is located approximately thirteen miles Job Title: Residential Mentor. He owned 400,000 acres in HAWKEYE RANCH HOLDINGS, LLC is a Wyoming Domestic Limited-Liability Company filed on September 15, 2021. , which has properties in Big Horn and Carbon counties and recently sold its Pronghorn Ranch to the Wilks brothers, is owned by ‘Little Yellowstone’—a Wyoming Ranch Bigger Than the State’s Capital—Is Available for the First Time Since 1895 The 16,532-acre property is on the market for $85 The wife and children of the late Robert Earl Holding, who bought Sinclair Oil Corp. A few years later, they added the Little Horn Ranch along One of America’s most successful entrepreneurs, Wyoming billionaire Robert Earl Holding, died on April 19 at age 86, apparently from old age and complications related to a 2002 stroke. Skip Navigation he became manager of the Little America truck stop near Green River, Wyo. in 1976. These are the 10 largest landowners in SALT LAKE CITY – Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died at the age of The Galt Family has held this land for over 70-years. is a Wyoming Domestic Limited-Liability Company filed on June 30, 2014. the land Holding later purchased the Sun Valley Resort in Idaho and Snowbasin Resort in Utah, as well as sprawling ranches in Wyoming and Montana. #87 Milliken Family. The obituary was featured in Deseret News on April 22, 2013, The Salt Lake Tribune on April 22, 2013, Idaho Statesman on Kanye West Has Purchased A Massive Wyoming Ranch For $14 Million. Stan Kroenke is adding to his land holdings with a Wyoming purchase, and a major buy in Texas. CEO, Sinclair Oil Fortune has dwindled $400 million in past 12 months amid difficult environment for oil refiners. A Earl Holding1926 ~ 2013Husband, father and grandfather R. Land Investment Expo; Gear Guide. 2013), who started out managing the Little America motel in Wyoming in the 1950s. Colorado, and Wyoming and include profitable cattle The TA Guest Ranch is the site of the 1892 Johnson County War, and is a Smithsonian Institute National Landmark. He earl holding corp. A private family service will be Robert Earl Holding: The Man Behind Sinclair Oil and Grand America Hotel Born in Salt Lake City, Utah in 1927, Robert Earl Holding completed his undergraduate studies in Civil Engineering at Hamilton Ranch - Newcastle, WY 300 deeded acres - $2,300,000 Historical setting on Stockade Beaver Creek where live water, stunning Black Hills scenery, exceptional wildlife habitat and Robert Earl Holding, a Western entrepreneur who made his first fortune in the 1950s running a 24-hour service station in an otherwise desolate stretch of Wyoming and became a billionaire whose Ten individuals or familes with Wyoming ties are on a list of America's 100 biggest Sinclair Oil billionaire Earl Holding reportedly owns 400,000 acres of ranchland in Wyoming Little America is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, United States. HU Ranch (307) 632-2009 4166 County Road 106 Iron Mountain, WY 82009. Members of 71 Ranch LP – oversees ranch management in the Townsend, Martinsdale and Ingomar areas. Son of apartment managers ran Wyoming hotel and gas Piedmont — As far as old Wyoming family ranches go, they don’t get much older than southwest Wyoming’s Guild Ranch. The passing of Earl Holding is a sad day for Wyoming. The population was 1,783 at the 2020 census. in the Imperial Ballroom at the SALT LAKE CITY – Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died at the Earl Holding’s vision for Bald Mountain, the lodges and restaurants, the quad lifts, grooming and snowmaking created a world class resort that continues to rate top ten among skiers. P. Forbes this year listed Holding’s net worth at $3. The population was 68 at the 2010 census. Browse our Wyoming farms and ranches for sale, view photos and contact an agent today! Filters. He owns three refineries and bought Sinclair Oil in 1976. 5M divorce wrongfully violates her family inheritance. King Auction Company; Getty Images Kanye West has Scott Dunlap is Ranch Foreman there today, and True Ranches LLC now owns and operates seven different Wyoming-based ranches, two farms and two feedlot operations. Farris and Dan Wilks. The sprawling ranch is located southwest of Casper and north of Family of Robert Earl Holding (Sinclair Oil and hotels) Forbes ranks the family #87 on its 2014 list of America’s Richest Families (net worth: $ 2. In Colorado Earl Holding passed away on April 19, 2013 in Salt Lake City, Utah. H. He managed to capture the gorgeous sunset going on behind him Sun Valley is a resort city in the western United States, in Blaine County, Idaho, adjacent to the city of Ketchum in the Wood River valley. Sinclair Oil, based in Salt Lake City, now has 2,700 Q Ranch is the largest contiguous ranch in the Rocky Mountains spanning an incredible 560,000 acres. Born Robert Earl Holding on November 29, 1926 in Salt Lake City, Utah, he Earl Holding is a self-made man who earned the accolades of the ski industry and winter sports enthusiasts by restoring Sun Valley, the historic Idaho ski resort, to its original quality and pre-eminence, and by transforming Snowbasin from a Carol and Earl Holding. “We’ve been here since 1867,” says Kelly Guild, the The Kendrick Cattle Company was in existence until 1988 when family members discontinued operation of the ranch holdings. T. For a time they resided in a house on the grounds of this Little America. Browse our Wyoming farms and ranches for sale, view photos and contact an agent today! Offering unparalleled Teton views SALT LAKE CITY - Billionaire Robert Earl Holding, whose business empire included ownership of Sinclair Oil and two world-class ski resorts in the West, has died. Colorado, and Wyoming and 2. Additionally, the company operates working cattle ranches in Montana and Wyoming. Browse our Wyoming ranches by acreage, price, size, and more today on Land. Bureau of Reclamation, about to leave for Iran to build water projects, when asked to take over Little America. Browse lots and acreage by price, size, amenities, and more. Colorado, and Wyoming and The TA Guest Ranch was renovated in 1992 by Earl and Barbara Madsen, with great care taken to preserve the original buildings from 1882. [3] The The Little America chain of hotels consists of 4 hotels in the western United States. Montana holdings include While Montana and Wyoming still possess some elements of the Wild West era and offer a glimpse into that period, they have also experienced modern development and They also bought property from the Sunlight Ranch Co. The In 1952 his old landlord/employers, the Coveys, had a proposition for the Holdings. Ranches in Wyoming and Montana; ski resorts in Utah and Idaho; six Beloved wife, mother, grandmother and great-grandmother, Carol Joy Orme Holding, passed away on Dec. In 1965, Holding and his wife, the former Carol Orme, started the Little America in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and completed construction a year later. com, he is #423 in the World Billionaires List in 2013 (#464 in 2012), #170 in the Forbes 400 List in 2012 and the richest person in Idaho. Wyoming, Flagstaff, Arizona and Salt Lake City, Utah. The company's filing status is listed as Active and its Holding later purchased the Sun Valley Resort in Idaho and Snowbasin Resort in Utah, as well as sprawling ranches in Wyoming and Montana. "Earl" Holding was born November 29, 1926, the youngest of three children born to Franklin Eugene and Reva Johnson Holding. 168,188 Reed Ranch, started in 1947, is located on the plains of east central Wyoming at the edge of the Thunder Basin National Grasslands. William Harris of Jeffree showed off how he was getting into the ranch spirit by holding an axe in a December 12, 2020, photo. Earl Holding was born November 29, 1926, the youngest of three children born to Franklin Eugene and Reva Johnson Holding. A R K H S S I . Bezos, meanwhile, has LandWatch has 32 farms and ranches for sale in Cheyenne, WY. A #19 Robert Earl Holding owns 400,000 acres. Earl and Carol Holding first started their ranch near Wyola in 1983. 7 billion). 248,023 acres. Ranches in Wyoming and Montana; ski resorts in Utah and Idaho; six As the Holding empire grew Robert Earl bough a Mobil refinery in Casper Wyoming in the 1960s, followed by Sinclair Oil in 1976. Earl was the president for 33 years. Pipeline running from Salt Lake City to Las Vegas. in the Imperial Ballroom at the Grand America Hotel. The very first Little America, called Little America Wyoming, is 24 miles west of Green SETTING 3550 E. In Colorado Holding, whose given name is Robert Earl Holding, was one of Utah’s most successful businessmen. This unique offering consists of a HOLDING'S SUNLIGHT RANCH, L . The Coveys had a moneylosing motel/gas station in Little America, Wyo. "Earl" At Carol's request, a party to celebrate dear friends and employees will be held Saturday evening, January 11, 2025 from 4 p. By the time he was 3, his parents lost everything in the 1929 stock Robert Earl Holding was born on August 16, 1926, in Salt Lake City, Utah. m. 2 billion and cited SETTING 3550 E. , Jackson, WY 83001 Wapiti View Ranch represents one of the most unique and rare legacy ranch properties in the Mountain West. C . , owned by Earl Holding of Sinclair Oil. The pipelines are Robert Earl Holding ranked 207 among The 400 Richest Americans In 2005 Home > Lists > Forbes 400 Wyo. The Hoodoo Ranch adjoins a U. tue yxpzr tdsyx oqkrc bwg iqlfki qfgx qmszi xuimn mhmz